esp-ena

Implementation of contact tracing with the Covid-19 Exposure Notification API by Apple and Google on an ESP32 (with ESP-IDF). More information about the Covid-19 Exposure Notification at Apple and Google. This is fully compatible with the official API and is meant for people without smartphone or without access to Apples/Googles implementation.

The main source (the Exposure Notification API) is also available in a separate branch in component.

This implementation fully covers the BLE part including the cryptography specifications needed and the exposure check.

The following acronyms will be used in code and comments:

• ENA Exposure Notification Api
• ENIN ENIntervalNumber - timestamp with 10 minutes resolution
• TEK Temporary Exposure Key - personal secret key changed every 24h, published when infected
• RPI Rolling Proximity Identifier - send and received identifer changed every 10 minutes
• AEM Associated Encrypted Metadata - send and received metadata

Features implemented

• send/receive BLE beacons as defined in Bluetooth® Specification (Apple/Google) and Cryptography Specification (Apple/Google)
• BLE privacy (change random MAC address in random interval)
• permanent storage on flash of last keys, beacons and exposures (storage is limited, see storage math for details)
• parsing of Exposure Key export binaries as defined in Exposure Key export file format and verification (big thanks to nanopb for making this easier than I thought!)
• calculating exposure risks/scores (after adding reported keys and storing exposure information) as defined in ENExposureConfiguration (Apple)
• receive Exposue Key export from an ENA Exposure Key export proxy server ena-eke-proxy module, see ena-eke-proxy server reference implemenation

Additional features for full ENA device

• RTC support with DS3231 (for correct system time)
• display support with SSD1306
• interface with a 7 button control (joystick up,down,left,right,enter,cancel,ok) to
  • show exposure status
  • set time
  • connect to wifi
  • delete data
  • set language
  • enter tan for infection status (dummy for now)
• battery support with ESP32 dev-boards with integrated LiPo support

Features in development

• send infected status (will test Corona Warn App)
• 3d print case

Limitations/Problems/Questions

• WiFi or other external connection needed for infections status (auto-connect to open WiFis?)
• obtaining accessibility
• all parameters (scanning time, thresholds etc.)
• service UUID is send reversed, RPI and AEM also send in reverse? Don't know BLE specification enough

some storage math

Due to limited storage, I made some calculations. I have fixed counting of TEKs (14 for two weeks), temporary beacons (1000, longest period for temp. storage is 20 minutes, so recognizing about 1000 different beacons in 20 minutes is possible) and exposure information (choose 500, this is like a limit of infected keys to be met). So the biggest limitation is to store beacons permanently after threshold of 5 minutes. That's what those calculations are for to check, if storage is enough for practical use.

overview of storage in bytes without permanent beacons:

	size (B)	num	overall (B)
TEK	21	14	294
Exposure Info	20	500	10000
temp. Beacon	32	1000	32000

Additional 4 bytes counting for every type gives overall 42310B used without perm. beacons.

For now, a partition size of 2494464B will leave 2452154B free for met beacons which leads to a total storage of 76629 beacons. This gives the following table, where I added some lower boundaries to calculate with.

total beacons	aver. per day	aver. for 10 minute window
50000	3571	24
70000	5000	34
76629	5473	38

So on average it is possible to meet 38 (24 on a lower boundary) different devices inside of 10 minutes. I have no practical experience/numbers how many beacons are stored on average for a 14-days period in currently running ENA-Apps. But I think regarding the average is calculated for 24h (which is quite unpractical because of sleep and hours without meeting many people), the storage should be enough for the purpose of contact tracing.

How to use

Hardware Required

For base functionality just an ESP32 is required. DS3231 RTC, SSD1306 Display and 7 buttons are required for a complete device.

Configure the project

idf.py menuconfig

required

• enable bluetooth (BLE)
• add partition-table for storage (currently hardcoded name "ena")
• mbedTLS enable HKDF

recommended

• BLE Scan Duplicate (By Device Address and Advertising Data)

debug options

• Log output set to Debug
• Exposure Notification API / Storage enable Dump storage

Build and Flash

May flash partition table:

idf.py partition_table-flash

Build the project and flash it to the board, then run monitor tool to view serial output:

idf.py -p PORT flash monitor

(Replace PORT with the name of the serial port to use.)

(To exit the serial monitor, type Ctrl-].)

Troubleshooting

Sometimes I get errors from BT-stack of ESP-IDF printed. Didn't affect functionality for now, but I also could not find out what it caused and what it means.

E (909164) BT_HCI: btu_hcif_hdl_command_complete opcode 0x2005 status 0xc

Structure

The project is divided in different components. The main.c just wrap up all components. The Exposure Notification API is in ena module

ena

The ena module contains the main functions of eps-ena with bluetooth scanning and adverting, storing data, handle beacons and check exposure.

• ena-beacons handles scanned data by storing temporary beacons, check for threshold and store beacons permanently
• ena-crypto covers cryptography part (key creation, encryption etc.)
• ena-storage storage part to store own TEKs and beacons
• ena-bluetooth-scan BLE scans for detecting other beacons
• ena-bluetooth-advertise BLE advertising to send own beacons
• ena-exposure compare exposed keys with stored beacons, calculate score and risk
• ena run all together and timing for scanning and advertising

ena-eke-proxy

This module is for connecting to an Exposue Key export proxy server. The server must provide daily (and could hourly) fetch of daily keys in binary blob batches with the following format

Key Data	Rolling Start Interval Number	Rolling Period	Days Since Onset Of Symptoms
16 bytes	4 bytes	4 bytes	4 bytes

Request url is parametrized with {day-string},({hour} in hourly mode,) {page}, {page-size}.

interface

Adds interface functionality for control and setup.

display

General module for display and gfx.

rtc

General module for set/get time from RTC.

i2c-main

Just start I2C driver for display and RTC.

interface-input-buttons

Interface with 7 button input

rtc-ds3231

I2C driver for a DS3231 RTC, implementation of rtc module

display-ssd1306

I2C driver for a SSD1306 display, implementation of display module

ena-binary-export [deprecared]

Module to decode Exposure Key export. [Depracated through ena-eke-proxy module]

ena-cwa [deprecared]

Connection to german Exposure App (Corona Warn App) for download Exposure Key export (and maybe later report infection). [Depracated through ena-eke-proxy module]

nanopb [deprecared]

Nanopb for reading Protocol Buffers of Exposure Key export. Including already generated Headers from *.proto files. [Depracated through ena-eke-proxy module]